Relations Between Physical Activity, Mindfulness and Mental Health Outcomes

Background/Purpose: Though physical activity (PA) has traditionally been linked with physical health promotion; it is researched as a catalyst for overall functioning of the human body and concluded to reduce symptoms of mental health diseases such as anxiety and depression (Guszkowska, 2004; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1996). The current study examined relationships between PA, mindfulness, need fulfillment, and mental health outcomes (negative affect and depressive symptoms) to better understand and explain the relationship.

Method: A sample of 399 university students and employees from a midsized university responded to an online survey. Data was collected on current physical activity levels (International Physical Activity Questionnaire) and personal ratings of trait mindfulness (Mindful Attention and Awareness Scale; Brown & Ryan 2003), negative affect (International Positive and Negative Affect Schedule Short Form; Thompson, 2007), and depressive symptoms (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; Zhang, O’Brien, Forrest, Salters, Patterson, Montaner, et al., 2012). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, ratings of internal consistency, a Pearson correlation matrix of key variables, and t-tests. 

Analysis/Results: Results indicated a significant negative relationship between physical activity and mental health outcomes, specifically, negative affect r (396) =  -.241, p < .001. Study participants who partook in more moderate and vigorous PA had lower levels ratings of negative affect. The current study reports a significant association was present between total sitting time and depression symptoms r (395) = .131, p = .009. 

Conclusions: PA serves as a therapeutic strategy and technique used to reduce many mental health outcomes. The current study advocates the positive effects PA has on individuals that can potentially transition into the classroom. As it may seem more appropriate to fulfill educational standards within the constraints of the classroom, this study suggests that the lack of PA, such as sitting is associated with depressive symptoms. As many PA alternatives are being limited across the country, this study suggests PA could have a profound effect on a child’s psychological state fostering acceptable behavior, decreased violence, and facilitate a decrease in depressive symptoms. Along with physical benefits, PA equally provides psychological benefits that should not be taken lightly! This study advocates for additional physical activity opportunities for students across the country based on the mental health benefits.