Scheduled for Poster Session: The Study and Assessment of Activity and Performance Across Disciplines, Friday, April 11, 2008, 8:45 AM - 10:15 AM, Convention Center: Exhibit Hall, Reseach Consortium Poster Sessions


Throwing Profiles of U-14 ASA Softball Players

Laura L. Jones, Boise State University, Boise, ID and Gina V. Barton, Lander University, Greenwood, SC

It has been identified that males demonstrate a superior throwing pattern compared to females (Ehl et al., 2005; Halverson et al., 1982; Runion et al. 2003; Thomas & French, 1985). Both biological (Nelson et al.,1991; Nelson et al., 1986; Thomas & French, 1985) and environmental (Ehl et al., 2005; Halverson et al., 1982; Runion et al., 2003) factors have been researched and appear to be influential in observed differences. Barton & French (2004) investigated throwing profiles among Little League baseball players and the influence of practice time. While female participation in sport has increased over the past 30 years, their throwing patterns remain unchanged (Runion, Roberton, & Langendorfer, 2003). To date there is no research that describes the developmental patterns of females who participate in sports that utilize the overarm throwing motion. The purpose of this study was to describe the developmental throwing profiles of 38 female (M=13.75 yrs) softball players who compete on ASA U14 teams. Throwing profiles were measured through video observation utilizing the component approach (Roberton,1984) and product measurements (i.e. distance and velocity) were obtained. Informal interviews were conducted to ascertain positions played by the athlete and time spent practicing softball skills both in and out of organized practice. Players self-reported positions played as infield, outfield, or multiple positions. ASA softball players were observed to be modal in five different profiles out of a possible 27 combinations for the Trunk, Humerus, and Forearm (T3-H3-F3; T3-H3-F2; T2-H3-F3; T2-H3-F2; T2-H2-F2). The most common modal profile demonstrated was T2-H3-F3 (45.7%), similar to Barton & French (2004). Twenty percent of the players were observed to be modal in the most advanced profile T3-H3-F3. Three players demonstrated bimodal profiles (T2-H3-F2, T2-H3-F3, T3-H3-F2). Among the infielders, 45.45% demonstrated a T2-H3-F3 most frequently, and 27.27% were modal in the most advanced profile T3-H3-F3. Outfielders (and those who play multiple positions) demonstrated a T2-H3-F3 most frequently (46.1%), and only one player was modal in the advanced profile T3-H3-F3. All teams spent approximately 4-8 hrs/wk in organized practice (including throwing, fielding, batting, and conditioning drills; pitchers and catchers often times had additional practice). Many of the girls practiced approximately 1-3 hrs/wk on their own. These results suggest the importance of investigating the impact of the type of practice and the amount of practice time on the throwing motion at specific player positions. Further study is also warranted to examine the instructional/coaching methods used.
Keyword(s): gender issues, motor skills, research

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