Most physical activity (PA) research has focused on individual cognitive determinants of behavior and consequently, few interventions have resulted in long-term maintenance of PA participation. Recent evidence suggests that specific aspects of the physical environment may have a significant influence on PA participation and these associations tend to vary by gender. Unfortunately, few studies have integrated assessments of the physical environment and cognitive determinants of PA participation. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the associations between cognitive and physical environmental factors that influence PA participation using a social ecological approach. Participants were 76 undergraduate students (35 males, 41 females) enrolled in a Kinesiology course (M age = 19.97 years, SD = 1.24) who completed the Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale and a theory of planned behavior questionnaire (TPB). The TPB questionnaire included 18 items that measured attitude (n = 8; α = 0.81), subjective norm (n = 5; α = 0.80), perceived behavioral control (n = 3; α = 0.54), intention (n = 1), and behavior (n = 1) relative to participating in regular PA. Regular PA was defined as the accumulation of 30 or more of moderate intensity activity on at least five or more days per week or at least 20 minutes of vigorous intensity activity on three or more days per week. For females, Pearson correlation revealed significant associations (p < .05) between places for walking and cycling and attitude (r = 0.32) and perceived behavioral control (r = 0.36). In addition, the aesthetics-attitude (r = 0.53), crime safety-perceived behavioral control (r = 0.34), and land use mix access-behavior (r = 0.32) associations were also significant for this group. However, no significant associations were found between the physical environment and TPB variables for the males. These data suggest that physical aspects of the environment may influence females' attitudes and perceptions of control toward PA. Further investigation is needed to better understand the multilevel influences on PA participation in specific populations for policy and education to be effective at the community or society level. Keyword(s): gender issues, physical activity, research