Scheduled for Research Consortium Social: Research Consortium Grant Findings and Top-Rated Posters, Wednesday, April 26, 2006, 4:30 PM - 6:00 PM, Convention Center: Exhibit Hall Poster Area I


Gender Stereotyping of Sport among African American and Caucasian High School Students [Sociology]

James C. Hannon, University Of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, Justine Reel, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT and Thomas Ratliffe, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL

Metheny (1965) initiated early research suggesting classification of acceptable and unacceptable sports for women and girls. Over time female sport participation has reached a greater level of acceptability. There is little evidence suggesting change in gender perceptions of sport. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether there were differences in how African-American and Caucasian males and females perceived certain sports as masculine, feminine, or neutral. Participants were 178 high school students (90 males; 88 females). Data were collected using a questionnaire with two open-ended questions designed for grades 7-12 (Riemer & Visio, 2003). Students were asked to rate 16 sports using a 5-point scale indicating whether they believed the sport to be (1) feminine; (2) between feminine and neutral; (3) neutral; (4) between neutral and masculine; or (5) masculine. Students were asked to identify the best sport for a boy/girl and why. Chi-square analysis revealed a main effect between Caucasian students responses for aerobics, ÷² (3) = 10.50, p = .015, gymnastics, ÷² (3) = 10.45, p = .015, hockey, ÷² (3) = 9.21, p = .027, and wrestling, ÷² (4) = 12.56, p = .014. Results suggest Caucasian males' perceptions of these sports are consistent with Metheny's classification system, but females are beginning to view these activities more towards gender neutral. Chi-square analysis revealed a main effect between African-American students responses for boxing, ÷² (3) = 8.28, p = .041, football, ÷² (3) = 13.27, p = .004, golf, ÷² (4) = 12.71, p = .013, and gymnastics, ÷² (4) = 10.31, p = .035. African-American female student's rating of greater gender appropriateness of boxing and football demonstrates a shift in thinking from Metheny's model among this group. The two open-ended responses were analyzed using qualitative techniques (LeCompte & Priessle, 1993). When females described why a sport is best for a boy to participate in the three most common responses included; because it is a contact/physical sport, boys like it, and girl's cannot handle it. When females described why a sport is best for a girl to participate in the three most common responses included; because it is non-contact/physical sport, girls are flexible, and girls like it. Responses from male students were strikingly similar. Although scale data suggest a shift in thinking related to gender appropriateness of some sports, open-ended question responses suggest a stereotypical perception of what types of sports are appropriate for boys and girls participation.
Keyword(s): athletics/sports, gender issues, high school issues

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