Scheduled for Motor Behavior and Measurement Posters, Friday, April 2, 2004, 1:00 PM - 2:00 PM, Convention Center: Exhibit Hall Poster Session


Development of a Soccer Ball-Juggling Test

Brenda Lichtman, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX

A Soccer Ball-Juggling Test was developed to evaluate general ball handling skills and eliminate the need for facility setting-up, and individual administration, due to judgment calls as seen in most existing passing and dribbling tests. The Ball-Juggling Test required participants to repeatedly tap, or contact a soccer ball using any body part except the hands and arms, as many times as possible within a 30-s period. No penalty was assessed if the ball bounced on the ground during the trial. Each time the hands or arms were used to control the ball, a one-point penalty was deducted. Participants began a trial holding a soccer ball. On the signal, the ball was dropped, and bounced on the ground once before the juggling began. Participants included 70 female and 96 male Kinesiology majors enrolled in a required skills class for 7-weeks of instruction at a university in Texas. Prior to the administration, each instructor in each class independently identified the top and bottom quartile of males and females based upon overall playing ability. Data were collected over a two-year interval in 7-classes during the last 1 ½-weeks of instruction. Participants were grouped by fours. One performed the test, a second timed using a digital stopwatch, and the other two independently counted and recorded the scores. After each trial, the tasks were rotated consecutively in an ordered fashion. A total of 3 trials were completed, with the first trial considered a warm-up. The data analysis was based upon the scores from the last two trials. Significant test-retest reliability coefficients of r = .85 (df = 94), r = .79 (df = 68), and r =.84 (df=164) were obtained for males, females, and all participants respectively. No significant difference was shown between the two trials (t = .40, df=165, Means = 24.0 and 23.75). Independent t-tests evaluating divergent groups validity for the males (upper quartile N = 23, Mean = 33.33, s = 4.74; lower quartile N = 23, Mean = 14.17, s = 2.85) and females (upper quartile N = 20, Mean = 29.83, s = 6.86; lower quartile N = 20, Mean = 12.17, s = 4.06) were significant at the .05 alpha level. Overall, the results suggest that the Soccer Ball-Juggling Test is a reliable and valid tool that assesses ball-handling ability in soccer.
Keyword(s): assessment, athletics/sports, measurement/evaluation

Back to the 2004 AAHPERD National Convention and Exposition