Adolescence is a time of
transition, which potentially leads to risks and liabilities, including
increased risk of tobacco, alcohol, and drug use, suicidal behaviors, and
disordered eating patterns. However, it is an important time as youth adopt
behaviors that have lifelong consequences. Harter’s Model of Competence
Motivation (1978) highlights how self-perceptions, such as perceived competence
and self-worth develop and are influenced by both individual and socialization
factors. Out-of-school programs are one arena that can aid in development of
self-perceptions of youth through mastery tasks, the mentoring of adults, and
the learning of interpersonal, intrapersonal, and physical skills. The purpose
of this study was to understand how out-of-school programs work to enhance or
maintain one’s perceived physical, social, and physical appearance competence
and one’s self-worth. Girls (Mage= 12.49 years, SD = 1.04) from
the Girls on Track (GOT) program (n =
8), competitive soccer programs (n =
6), and the Girl Scouts (GS) (n = 5)
participated in 25 to 40 minute semi-structured interviews conducted by the
primary researcher. GOT is an educational, running program for early adolescent
girls. The interviews included questions concerning social support, intrapersonal
outcomes, and feelings about the self from involvement in the program.
Interviews were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim. Data analysis occurred in
two phases. Open coding consisted of two researchers independently identifying
themes and patterns emerging from the data with discussion ensuing until
consensus was reached. Second, two researchers independently discovered
associations and connections among the open coding categories (Patton, 1987). Results revealed that girls
from all programs experienced positive peer and adult support. Each of the
programs provided girls opportunities for mastery attempts; however, the type
of mastery attempts varied based on the program. Girls from the soccer and GOT
program experienced mastery attempts through physical activity and described
increases in their perceived physical competence, while the GS did not. Only GOT
participants discussed how the image of their body changed from their
involvement. Girls from all programs reported increases in perceptions of
social skills and in self-acceptance. Additionally, girls stated that they
experienced positive feelings about the self or favorable impressions of their
qualities due to their program involvement. These findings suggest that
out-of-school programs play an important role in the lives and the development
of the self-perceptions of early adolescent girls by providing an additional
arena to develop competencies and self-worth, particularly when coaches discuss
these issues openly with the participants.