Scheduled for Sport Management I Free Communications: Investigating Gender Issues in Sport, Thursday, April 3, 2003, 12:30 PM - 1:30 PM, Convention Center: 307AB


Title IX at Thirty: Equity in Athletics Disclosure Act (EADA) Proportionality, Revenue, Expense, and Opportunity for Women and Men

Pamela J. Maimer1, David Bergeron1, Heather Bosetti2 and Kenneth Teed3, (1)U.S. Department of Education, Washington, DC, (2)Booz, Allen, and Hamilton, Inc, McLean, VA, (3)NY

Significance: This paper represents an unparalleled significant contribution to the understanding of Title IX. This data is the first objective review that has been government mandated (not NCAA data). The EADA requires the Secretary of Education to collect information and to subsequently report to Congress on the financial and statistical information of collegiate athletic programs. This paper will report on objective data that was completed and sent directly to the United States government. Specific attention will be paid to the opportunity and funding data that has recently been given a great deal of attention. Policy discussion concerning opportunity cost and "safe harbor" are presented for review. Design: As required by Federal law the collection of this information was mandated by the United States Congress as specified by section 485(g) of the Higher Education Act, as amended 20 U.S.C. 1092(g). This data represents survey information collected by the Department of Education on 1,654 schools across the US. This includes the four major athletic Sanctioning bodies (NCAA n=933; NAIA n=251; NJCAA n=422; NCCAA n=48). An univariate and multivariate analysis of variance were undertaken on a governmental database of 1,654 schools. Specific follow-up analysis for cost and general data were undertaken. Results: This data represents 1,654 schools that account for 314,217 Male athletes and 230,696 Female athletes. Across the entire nation, Men represent 44% of the student's enrolled and 58% of all athletes on campus while Women represent 56% of the total enrollment and 42% of the athletes. Controlling for football greatly equalizes the proportions. The total amount of athletically related aid is $1,127,208,335. Men account for $640,936,286 and Women account for $486,272,049. Financial athletic aid is not allocated equally; 753 schools have Men receiving more than Women, 546 schools are equal (men and women the same) and 305 schools where Women's programs receive more than Men's. Nationwide athletic departments pay on average about $2,069.00 per athlete. Football accounts for higher than average expenses per athlete, $13,361, while it also generates 1.4 billion dollars. Modeling the data without football has produced a number of interesting data projections. The data that was analyzed was raw unadjusted data. Recommendations for further research were produced.

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