Scheduled for Exercise Physiology and Fitness, Biomechanics and Sports Medicine Posters, Friday, April 4, 2003, 9:00 AM - 10:00 AM, Convention Center: Exhibit Hall A


Comparison of the Modified Push-Up and the Full-Body Push-Up for College-Age Women

Irene Cucina and Barbara McCahan, Plymouth State College, Plymouth, NH

With the recent emphasis on strength development in females for skeletal and postural health, many girls and women are using full-body pushups (FBPU) to build upper-body strength and endurance. Several test protocol used in physical education programs (e.g. the Presidential Physical Fitness Test, FITNESSGRAM) use the FBPU to assess upper-body strength and endurance. Except for fitness tests used in the military, standards for FBPU are unavailable for women above age 18. The intent of the investigation was to determine correlations between the MPU and the FBPU and to collect data in order to formulated performance norms for the FBPU for college age women. Prior to data collection, participants completed a health-history screening questionnaire and signed an informed consent that was approved by the IRB. A pilot test was used to establish intra-rater reliability between three undergraduate research assistants and two faculty for a 90-degree pushup as described in the Prudential FITNESSGRAM and a 90-degree modified push-up. Intra-rater reliability estimates ranged from .920 to .958 indicating a strong positive relationship between the five raters. A total of 35 female volunteers were involved in this study and were tested individually by a minimum of two observers. The MPU was tested first followed by the FBPU seven days later to minimize any potential training effect of the test itself. The test was administered after a 10-minute total-body warm up and began from the plank position on knees or toes. A sequence of continuous push-ups was performed at a pace of at least one every three seconds to fatigue. Twenty-one participants completed both tests. The mean MPU was 30.81 (s=11.89). The mean FBPU was 16.28 (s=8.56). A Pearson product correlation coefficient was calculated to determine the relationship between the two push-ups. The Pearson correlation between the MPU and FBPU was .849 indicating a strong positive linear relationship between the two types of pushups. These results support the hypothesis that college age women can perform full-body pushups. Due to the limited number of participants, further research is needed to collect sufficient data to establish performance norms for the FBPU. If women are conditioned effectively for both core and upper body strength, they can potentially transition from MPU to FBPU. Without performance norms for women of average fitness, there is little encouragement for them to train to perform the FBPU and gain upper body strength and enjoy its benefits.

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