Previous studies have documented differences in rates of participation in physical activity and preventable health problems among racial/ethnic groups. In addition, social support from family and friends has been associated with increased physical activity participation. Thus, given the current health issues affecting our nation (e.g. obesity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes), it is important to examine the role of family and cultural influences on physical activity in diverse racial/ethnic groups. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships among family structure, race/ethnicity, and participation in physical activity.
Method
We interviewed 16 Southeastern United States families with at least one child over the age of 10 years. The sample included one mixed (Asian American and European (White) American), four African (Black) American, five Asian American, and six European American families. Interview topics included definitions of family and physical activity, physical activity barriers and facilitators; and influences of family and culture on physical activity.
Analysis/Results
Data were analyzed through free coding by multiple coders who then met to discuss codes and develop themes. NVivo8 software was used to organize the data. The following themes emerged from the data: A) Participants identified physical activity as: exercise, sports, and leisure activities, but not as active transport. B) The majority of White participants and had difficulty defining their culture, while other participants defined their culture in terms of race/ethnicity. C) Culture and financial means influenced choice of activities rather than level of physical activity. Activities that were unique to races/ethnicities were: Black – family gatherings/cook-outs; White – hunting; and Asian American – ping pong (table tennis). D) Family and friends had a powerful influence on participation of physical activity. Active adults (parents, teachers, and coaches) and instrumental support (signing the child up for activities, providing transportation) had the most impact on children's participation in physical activity. E) Lack of time and facilities were barriers to physical activity participation among the adults and children. Parents indicated that video games and other media reduced physical activity opportunities for their children.
Conclusions
No differences in reported participation or valuing of physical activity among ethnicities were found, however culture did influence the choice of activities. Since time was the major barrier across all participants, lifestyle physical activity (e.g. taking the stairs) and a broader view of physical activity should be promoted. In addition, physical education classes and interventions should be culturally and time sensitive.
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