Scheduled for Sport Management, Special Populations, Leisure and Recreation Posters, Thursday, April 3, 2003, 3:00 PM - 4:00 PM, Convention Center: Exhibit Hall A


Motivational Factors for Student Volunteers and the Development of an Incentive Typology in Sports Settings

Athanassios Strigas, Indiana State University, Terra Haute, IN

Volunteers are a very important element of sport event management. They are extremely valuable to any sport agency because they provide its administrators with the ability to offer, sustain or even expand the quantity, quality and diversity of its services. Today, there is a compelling need, directly contributed to societal changes and emerging trends, to examine, review, and re-evaluate the existing knowledge on volunteer activity. The procedure of evaluating motivational theories and incentives, in addition to designing effective marketing tools for recruitment and retention of volunteer labor requires a very careful approach and consideration. Understanding what motivates young college students to get involved in a sport event as volunteers could assist agencies to persuasively appeal to this free labor during recruitment time. This study examined the motivational factors that influence the decision of college students to volunteer for a FHSAA soccer state championship tournament, held in Tallahassee, Florida. The project had two major goals: a) to explore the primary motives that influence the decision of students to volunteer at the sport event; and, b) consequently, to propose a model of motivation to volunteer that broaden the knowledge regarding student volunteers' motivation and its internal structure. In order to achieve these objectives, the author developed a 26-item survey instrument based on conceptual frameworks that emerged from the review of the literature. Frequency analyses were conducted for all demographic factors. Sixty-six percent of the student volunteers were male, and 34 % female. Respondents’ ages ranged from 18 to 31 years. Fifty-one percent of these volunteers had an annual household income less than $15,000; however, 19% reported an annual income over $75,000. The majority of the respondents perceived themselves as Caucasians (72.9%). In order to identify and interpret the motivational factors that influence volunteers to offer their services, an exploratory factor analysis, using a principal-component extraction technique, was conducted. The results suggested the existence of six distinct factors: internal, purposive, external, leisure, commitments, and material. Student volunteers rated the items included at the internal factor as the most important in influencing their decision to volunteer. This contradicted previous findings where volunteers were primary motivated by purposive benefits. It implies that motivation for student volunteers tends to be different from that for older volunteers, mainly because college students are more eager to acquire experiences and grow professionally. The model suggested here should be further evaluated in terms of its effectiveness.

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