Scheduled for The Consortium of Research in HPERD and Social, Wednesday, April 2, 2003, 4:30 PM - 6:00 PM, Convention Center: Exhibit Hall A


Modifications to the Fitnessgram Test for Deaf Children

M. Kathleen Ellis, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI and Gail M. Dummer, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI

The Fitnessgram is a widely used test for evaluating health-related physical fitness of children and youth (Cooper Institute of Aerobic Research, 1999). Although extant research suggests that deaf children generally have no physical limitations and can be held to the same performance standards as hearing children, some Fitnessgram items are inappropriate for use with deaf children. The PACER tests uses auditory cues which prohibit children with hearing disabilities from participating. Also, the curl-up and push-up tests are performed to an 3-second cadence with auditory cues that are meaningless for deaf children. The purpose of this study was to investigate modifications to the Fitnessgram that would allow for participation by deaf children. A modified battery of Fitnessgram test items was administered to 15 boys and 6 girls aged 6-11 years. All participants were deaf. Instructions from the Fitnessgram test administrators manual were delivered using a combination of speech, visual demonstrations, gestures, and sign language. The PACER test was modified by using cable lights as a visual starting signal. The cable lights were activated by a hearing person in accordance with the PACER auditory cues. Hand signals were used to communicate the required cadence for the push-up and curl-up tests. Other Fitnessgram tests do not involve auditory cues and did not require modification to accommodate deaf children. Results indicated acceptable concurrent validity between the PACER and two one-mile run performances (r=-.74 for run #1 and r=-.70 for run #2). The 3-second cadence curl-up test was compared to the Project Unique sit-up test (Winnick & Short, 1986), and the 3-second cadence push-up test was compared to the standard push-up test (Safrit, 1995). Pearson correlations for two administrations of the modified curl-up test compared to the Project Unique sit-up test were r=.89 and r=.86. Pearson correlations for the two administrations of the modified push-up test with the Safrit test were r=.74 and r=.68. All correlations were statistically significant at the p<.000 level. The results of this study indicate that the addition of visual cues to the PACER, curl-up, and push-up make the Fitnessgram test battery a valid means for evaluating the health-related physical fitness of deaf children.

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