Scheduled for Psychology/Leisure and Recreation Posters, Thursday, April 11, 2002, 9:30 AM - 10:30 AM, San Diego Convention Center: Exhibit Hall


Perceived Psychological Stress Among High School Basketball Referees

Michael J. Stewart1, Peter J Ellery1, Lora Maher2 and Jane Ellery1, (1)University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, (2)University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE

Research on referees has indicated perceived psychological stress (PPS) intimates from a variety of sources. When surveys have been administered in a variety of sports following the conclusion of the season, the sources and the magnitude of PPS among referees have been fairly consistent. The purpose of this study was to determine if the sources and magnitude of PPS among basketball referees would be consistent with other studies if referees were surveyed during the season. The study examined the sources and magnitude of PPS among 324 high school basketball referees (N=312 men, 12 women) in a mid-western state using a revised version of the Ontario Soccer Officials Survey (Taylor et al., 1990). The mean age of the participants was 37.6 yrs. (SD=9.4 yrs.) and the mean years of basketball referring experience was 11.7 yrs. (SD=8.3 yrs.). A random sample (N=498) of all basketball referees in the state (N=1,011) was used and 324 of the surveys were returned (65%). Responses to the 31 items were subjected to an exploratory factor analysis using squared multiple correlations to determine prior communality estimates. The principal factor method was used to extract the factors, and this procedure was then followed by a promax, oblique rotation. In interpreting the rotated factor pattern, an item was considered to load on a given factor if the factor loading obtained was .40 or greater, less than .40 for that survey item for another factor, had at least three items, and did not appear in more than one factor. Using these criteria, seven items in the survey were found to load on the first factor, labeled "Fear of Physical Harm (FPH)" (M=.38, SD=.52), eight items on the second factor, labeled "Fear of Failure (FF)" (M=1.19, SD=.58), three items on the third factor, labeled "Lack of Respect (LR)" (M=1.23, SD=.71), and three items on the fourth factor, labeled "Time Pressure (TP)" (M=.89, SD=.74). Following factor loadings, Cronbach coefficients alpha were computed for internal reliability of each subscale. Cronbach coefficients alpha for FPH, FF, LR, and TP were .86, .83, .68, and .78, respectively. LR and FF were at a level of "mildly stressed" to "moderately stressed", and TP and FPH were between "not at all stressed" and "mildly stressed." These sources and magnitude of PPS reported mid-season are consistent with previous research on PPS among officials who were surveyed following the end of the season.
Keyword(s): athletics/sports, coaching, high school issues

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